RDH (Reversible Data Hiding) in Encrypted Images by Reserving Room Before Encryption

RDH (Reversible Data Hiding) in Encrypted Images by Reserving Room Before Encryption
Authors:DURGA S PATIL, DR.SUDHIR S KANADE

Abstract: Now a day, more attention is to reversible data hiding (RDH) in encrypted images as well as in audio and video, by using RDH method excellent property that the original image (cover) can be receives as it is recovered after embedded data is extracted also protecting the image content’s confidentiality. All previous methods embedding data into image by reversibly vacating room in the encrypted images, which may be result as some errors on data extraction and/or image restoration. That mean some secrete information is loss in data extraction also degraded quality of image. In this paper, we propose a new method by reserving room before encryption .By using the new RHD method improver’s efficiency of image. The proposed method improves efficiency & quality encrypted image usually used in medical area, aromatic etc. The new Algorithm Used in novel RDH is reducing noise Effect. 

Keywords: Reversible Data Hiding, Image Encryption, Novel Method Of RDH, Encryption Techniques, Difference Expansion, Histogram Shift.

INTRODUCTION 

          Reversible data hiding (RDH) is a technique in image processing area for encryption, by which the original cover can be losslessly recovered after the embedded message, is extracted. The RDH approach is widely used in medical science, defense field and forensic lab, where there is no degradation of the original content is allowed. Since more research RDH method in recently. In theoretical aspect ratedistortion model for RDH Kalker and Willems [2], through which they proved the rate-distortion bounds of RDH for memory less covers and proposed a recursive code construction which, however, does not approach the bound. The recursive code construction for binary covers and proved that this construction can achieve the rate-distortion bound as long as the compression algorithm reaches entropy, which establishes the equivalence between data compression and RDH for binary covers. Many RDH techniques have emerged in recent years. Fridrich et al [3] constructed a general framework for RDH for method. By first extracting compressible features of original cover and then compressing them lossless, spare space can be saved for embedding auxiliary data.  

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A New Approach of Data Security using Steganography Technique

A New Approach of Data Security using Steganography Technique
Authors:MANOHAR N SAYYADPURKAR, C.G.PATIL

Abstract: Steganography is the art of hiding the existence of data in another transmission medium to achieve secret communication. It does not replace cryptography but rather boosts the security using its obscurity features. Steganography method used in this paper is based on biometrics. And the biometric feature used to implement steganography is skin tone region of images [1]. Here secret data is embedded within skin region of image that will provide an excellent secure location for data hiding. For this skin tone detection is performed using HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color space. Additionally secret data embedding is performed using frequency domain approach - DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform), DWT outperforms than DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). Secret data is hidden in one of the high frequency sub-band of DWT by tracing skin pixels in that sub-band. Different steps of data hiding are applied by cropping an image interactively cropping results into an enhanced security than hiding data without cropping i.e. in whole image, so cropped region works as a key at decoding side. This study shows that by adopting an object oriented steganography mechanism, in the sense that, we track skin tone objects in image, we get a higher security. And also satisfactory PSNR (Peak- Signal-to-Noise Ratio) is obtained. 

Keywords: Biometrics; Skin Tone Detection; DWT; DCT; Cropping; Security; PSNR. 

INTRODUCTION 

         In this highly digitalized world, the Internet serves as an important role for data transmission and sharing. However, since it is a worldwide and publicized medium, some confidential data might be stolen, copied, modified, or destroyed by an unintended observer. Therefore, security problems become an essential issue. Encryption is a well know procedure for secured data transmission [2]. Frequently used encryption methods include RSA, DES (Data encryption standard).Although encryption achieves certain security effects, they make the secret messages unreadable and unnatural or meaningless. These unnatural messages usually attract some unintended observers‟ attention. This is the reason a new security approach called “steganography” arises. As an example, the cover text [3]: “I‟m feeling really stuffy. Emily‟s medicine wasn‟t strong enough without another febrifuge.” Hides the sentence “Meet me at nine” If the reader retains the second letter of each word in sequence. In steganography secret message is the data that the sender wishes to remain confidential and can be text, images, audio, video, or any other data that can be represented by a stream of bits. The cover or host is the medium in which the message is embedded and serves to hide the presence of the message. 

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A Novel Framework to Detect and Migrate Collaborative Attacks in the Cloud Network

A Novel Framework to Detect and Migrate Collaborative Attacks in the Cloud Network
Authors:N.BALARAJ, SAKSHI SIVA RAMAKRISHNA

Abstract: Security is an important issue in cloud environment. Attackers can explore vulnerabilities of a cloud system and compromise virtual machines to deploy further large scale Distributed Denial Of Service.(DDoS). To prevent vulnerable virtual machine from being compromised in cloud a multiphase distributed vulnerability detection, measurement and countermeasure selection mechanism called NICE have been proposed. These systems are used by number of organizations to detect the weaknesses threats and preventing them. For this purpose, these systems became an important part of the security in nearly every organization. The system and security evaluations demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed solution. 

Keywords: Cloud Computing, Network Security, Intrusion Detection, Zombie Detection, Attack Graph.

 INTRODUCTION 

           Users migrating to the cloud consider security as the most important factor. A recent Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) survey shows that among all security issues, abuse and nefarious use of cloud computing is considered as the top security threat, in which attackers can exploit vulnerabilities in clouds and utilize cloud system resources to deploy attacks. In traditional data centers, where system administrators have full control over the host machines, vulnerabilities can be detected and patched by the system administrator in a centralized manner. However, patching known security holes in cloud data centers, where cloud users usually have the privilege to control software installed on their managed VMs, may not work effectively and can violate the Service Level Agreement (SLA). Furthermore, cloud users can install vulnerable software on their VMs, which essentially contributes to loopholes in cloud security. The challenge is to establish an effective vulnerability/attack detection and response system for accurately identifying attacks and minimizing the impact of security breach to cloud users addressed that protecting ”Business continuity and services availability” from service outages is one of the top concerns in cloud computing systems.

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Enhanced Image Hiding in Audio Stegnography using Discrete Cosine Transform and Skin Detection

Enhanced Image Hiding in Audio Stegnography using Discrete Cosine Transform and Skin Detection
Authors:B.SREEDHAR, D.VIJENDRA KUMAR

Abstract: Now days, security is an important problem in hacking technologies such as internet, digital devices and so on. To solve the security problem, we can use one of the method called steganography. The paper presents the hiding security image into audio signal. For hiding image in audio, skin detection and discrete cosine transform are used. In audio steganography, hiding image is also called cover or host image. The process of hiding cover image into audio signal is called stego signal. The proposed method is effective and less time efficient. The experimental results shows the invisible image in audio signal after embedded step and recover the security image accurately without distortion at decoding stage. 

Keywords: Skin Detection, DCT, Audio Data Hiding and Steganography.

INTRODUCTION 

         The Steganography word is come from the Greek words “stegos” meaning “cover” and the name “grafia” as “writing” defining it as “covered writing” [1]. Steganography definition of hiding information “in plain sight”. This technique relies on a message being encoded and hidden in a transport layer in such a way as to make the existence of the message unknown to an observer [2]. The notion of data hiding or steganography was first introduced with the example of prisoners' secret message by Simmons in 1983 [3]. Watermarking is similar to steganography. It is “the practice of imperceptibly altering a Work to embed a message about that Work” [4]. Steganography satisfy two requirements. The first requirement is transparency that is hostimage (image containing any some data) and stego image (image containing secret information) must be perceptually indiscernible. The second requirement is the high data rate of the encodedata [5]. In a computer based secret messages, audio Stenography system are embedded in digital audio. Used audio signal as a hostimage to audio Stenography . 

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THD Reduction using 12-Pulse Converter for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive

THD Reduction using 12-Pulse Converter for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive
Authors:C. SUBBA RAMI REDDY, G.VENKATA LAKSHMI, P.RRAJESWARI

Abstract: In this paper, a novel autotransformer with a reduced kilovolt-ampere rating is presented for harmonic current reduction in twelve-pulse ac-dc converter-fed vector-controlled induction motor drives (VCIMDs). Different transformer arrangements for 12-pulse-based rectification are also studied and a novel harmonic mitigator capable of suppressing fifth, seventh, and 11th (most dominant harmonics) in the supply current is presented. The design procedure for the proposed autotransformer is presented to show the flexibility in the design for making it a cost-effective replacement suitable for retrofit applications, where presently a six-pulse diode bridge rectifier is being used. The effect of load variation on VCIMD is also studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed harmonic mitigator. A set of power-quality indices on input ac mains and on a dc bus for a VCIMD fed from different 12-pulse ac-dc converters is given to compare their performance. 

Keywords: Autotransformer, Multipulse AC–DC Converter, Power-Quality Improvement, Vector-Controlled Induction Motor Drive (VCIMD).

INTRODUCTION 

      With the proliferation of power-electronic converters, the majority of dc drives are being replaced by variable frequency induction motor drives. These variable frequency induction motor drives are generally operated in vector control [1], as it is an elegant way of achieving highperformance control of induction motors in a way similar to the dc motor. These vector-controlled induction motor drives (VCIMDs) are fed by an uncontrolled ac–dc converter which results in injection of current harmonics into the supply system. These current harmonics, while propogating through the finite source impedance, result in voltage distortion at the point of common coupling, thereby affecting the nearby consumers. Various methods based on the principle of increasing the number of pulses in ac–dc converters have been reported in the literature to mitigate current harmonics [2]–[4]. These methods use two or more converters, where the harmonics generated by one converter are cancelled by another converter, by proper phase shift. The autotransformer-based configurations [2] provide the reduction in magnetics rating, as the transformer magnetic coupling transfers only a small portion of the total kilovoltampere of the induction motor drive. These autotransformerbased schemes considerably reduce the size and weight of the transformer. Autotransformer-based 12-pulse ac–dc converters have been reported [4] for reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the ac mains current. To ensure equal power sharing between the diode bridges and to achieve good harmonic cancellation, this topology needs interphase transformers and impedance-matching inductors, resulting in increased complexity and cost. Moreover, the dc-link voltage is higher, making the scheme nonapplicable for retrofit applications.

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A Novel Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter with Reduced Number of Switches

A Novel Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter with Reduced Number of Switches
Authors:M.VIJAYA, M.REDDY PRASANNA, C.SUBBA RAMI REDDY

Abstract: In this paper mainly focused on the design and implementation of new topology in a single phase five level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter by using only a five switches and two DC power source. The main objective of this paper is to increase number of levels with a low number of switches and sources at the output without adding any complexity to the power circuit.. The optimal structures of this topology are investigated for various objectives, such as minimum number of switches and capacitors, and minimum standing voltage on switches for producing maximum output voltage steps. A new algorithm for determination of dc voltage sources’ magnitudes has also been presented. The proposed topology results in reduction of the number of switches, losses, installation area, and converter cost. The operation and performance of the proposed multilevel converter has been verified by the simulation and experimental results of a single-phase 53-level multilevel converter. 

Keywords: Bidirectional Switch, Full-Bridge Topology, Multilevel Converter, Sub Multilevel Converter. 

INTRODUCTION 

         The Concept of multilevel converters was introduced in 1975 [2]. The term multilevel began with the three level converters [3]. A multilevel converter is a power electronic system that synthesizes a desired output voltage from several levels of dc voltages as inputs. With an increasing number of dc voltage sources, the converter output voltage waveform approaches a nearly sinusoidal waveform while using a fundamental frequency-switching scheme. Compared with the traditional two-level voltage converter, the primary advantage of multilevel converters is their smaller output voltage step, which results in high power quality, lower harmonic components, better electromagnetic compatibility, and lower switching losses. Numerous industrial applications have begun to require high power apparatus in recent years. Power electronic inverter become popular for various industrial drives applications. Recently, multilevel power conversion technology has been developing the area of power electronics very rapidly with good potential for further developments. As a result the most attractive applications of this technology are in the medium to high voltage ranges. A multilevel converter not only achieves high power rating, but also enables the use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, and fuel cells can be easily interfaced to a multilevel converter system for a high power application proposed topology has less switches than that of [2] in symmetric topology. The H-bridge topology was followed by the diode-clamped converter that utilized a bank of series capacitors.

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Designing and Fabrication of Gearless Electric Car for Handicaps

Designing and Fabrication of Gearless Electric Car for Handicaps
Authors:ER.KANWAR J S GILL, VISHU GARG, JASPREET SINGH, JASPREET SINGH, DARSHPREET SINGH, SEHAJPREET SINGH, MANISH KUMAR, PRINCE BIDALIYA, UPENDERA KUMAR, DEEPAK MOUDGILL

Abstract: The development of internal combustion engine vehicles, especially automobiles, is one of the greatest achievements of modern technology. Automobiles have made great contributions to the growth of modern society by satisfying many of its needs for mobility in everyday life. The rapid development of the automotive industry, unlike that of any other industry, has prompted the progress of human society from a primitive one to a highly developed industrial society.[1] The automotive industry and the other industries that serve it constitute the backbone of the word’s economy and employ the greatest share of the working population. However, the large number of automobiles in use around the world has caused and continues to cause serious problems for the environment and human life. Air pollution, global warming, and the rapid depletion of the Earth’s petroleum resources are now problems of paramount concern. In recent decades, the research and development activities related to transportation have emphasized the development of high efficiency, clean, and safe transportation. Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles have been typically proposed to replace conventional vehicles in the near future. This paper describes the work done in designing and fabrication of gearless drive electric car which is meant specially for handicaps, not only limited to this feature this vehicle can be used as multiutility vehicle. 

Keywords: Gearless, Electric Car, Handicaps, Multiutility, Designed, Fabricated.

INTRODUCTION 

       At present, all vehicles rely on the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels to derive the energy necessary for their propulsion. Combustion is a reaction between the fuel and the air that releases heat and combustion products. The heat is converted to mechanical power by an engine and the combustion products are released into the atmosphere. A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound with molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Ideally, the combustion of a hydrocarbon yields only carbon dioxide and water, which do not harm the environment. Indeed, green plants “digest” carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. [2]Carbon dioxide is a necessary ingredient in vegetal life. Animals do not suffer from breathing carbon dioxide unless its concentration in air is such that oxygen is almost absent. Actually, the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel in combustion engines is never ideal. Besides carbon dioxide and water, the combustion products contain a certain amount of nitrogen oxides (NO2), carbon monoxides (CO), and unburned hydrocarbons (HC), all of which are toxic to human health. Highlight a section that you want to designate with a certain style, and then select the appropriate name on the style menu. The style will adjust your fonts and line spacing. 

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Access Control in Cloud Computing Based on Broadcast Group Key Management

Access Control in Cloud Computing Based on Broadcast Group Key Management
Authors:UDDAGIRI SIRISHA, DR.S.MADHAVI

Abstract: In the most recent a few years, cloud computing has developed as a standout amongst the most powerful standards in the IT business, and has became a broad consideration from both the scholarly world and business. In cloud computing, Cloud File storage needs users to handover their valuable data to Cloud Providers (CP). Due to this situation, the security and privacy of the outsourced data by the users became an issue. Several plans for access control of outsourced data were proposed earlier, in that Attribute-Based encryption (ABE) is one. Later on, because of its difficult implementation over complex access control policies, we proposed an adaptable and fine-grained access control plan called hierarchical attribute-set-based encryption (HASBE) with a hierarchical structure of users. After that we joined the advantages of HASBE plan with a new plan called broadcast group key management (BGKM) that uses dynamic key generation based on identity attributes and public information. To deal with the access control of outsourced data in distributed or cloud computing, the implementation of this proposed plan i.e. HASBE with BGKM is proficient and easy. 

Keywords: Cloud Computing, Access Control, Data Security, ABE, HASBE, BGKM. 

INTRODUCTION 

        Cloud computing is novel model that is based on virtualization, parallel and distributed, utility processing, and administration arranged building design. In the most recent a few years, distributed or cloud computing has developed as a standout amongst the most powerful standards in the IT business, and has pulled in broad consideration from both the scholarly world and business. The profits of distributed or cloud computing incorporate lessened expenses and capital consumptions, expanded operational efficiencies, adaptability, quick time to market, et cetera. Various business distributed computing frameworks have been manufactured at distinctive levels. With these cloud computing frameworks, on one hand, undertaking clients no more need to put resources into fittings/programming frameworks or contract IT experts to keep up these IT frameworks, accordingly they spare cost on IT framework and human assets; processing utilities provided by cloud computing are consistently offered at a moderately low cost in a pay-as-you-utilize style. In spite of the fact that the extraordinary profits conveyed by cloud computing standards are energizing for IT organizations, scholarly scientists, and potential cloud clients, security issues in distributed computing get to be not kidding snags which, without being fittingly tended to, will anticipate cloud computing far reaching applications and use later on.

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Non-Frontal Low Resolution Face Image Recognition Based on Canonical Correlated Principal Component Analysis

Non-Frontal Low Resolution Face Image Recognition Based on Canonical Correlated Principal Component Analysis
Authors:KARTHIK.T, RAJENDRAPRASAD.D

Abstract: In video surveillance, the face recognition usually aims at recognizing a non-frontal low resolution face image from the gallery in which each person has only one high resolution frontal face image. Traditional face recognition approaches have several challenges, such as the difference of image resolution, pose variation and only one gallery image per person. This paper proposes a new method for face recognition in the case of “one sample per class” using one non-frontal LR input. FH features are super resolved from NFL input by the learnt nonlinear mappings in the coherent space. The nonlinear regression models from the specific non-frontal low resolution image to frontal high resolution features are learnt by radial basis function in subspace built by canonical correlation analysis. Extensive experiments on benchmark database show the superiority of our method. 

Keywords: Canonical Correlation Analysis, Non-Frontal Face Recognition, Radial Basis Function, Super Resolution.

 INTRODUCTION 

        Although human beings can easily detect and identify faces in a scene, it is very challenging for an automated system to achieve such objectives. Face recognition has drawn great attention in recent decades, due to its wide range commercial and law-enforcement applications [1]. The challenges become more profound when large variations exist in the face images at hand, e.g., variations in illumination conditions, viewing directions or poses, facial expression, aging, and disguises such as facial hair, glasses, cosmetics and scarves. Despite of these challenges, face recognition has drawn wide attention from researchers in areas of machine learning, computer vision, pattern recognition, neural networks, and so on. Super resolution methods are used for LR Face recognition [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. In this paper, this work mainly focus on improving the recognition performance in the case where only a single face “snapshot” of LR is available. 

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A Novel Approach for Fault Observability and Isolation in Distributed Power System using PMUs

A Novel Approach for Fault Observability and Isolation in Distributed Power System using PMUs
Authors:M.DINESH REDDY, SHAIK HAMEED

Abstract: In a Distributed Power System (DPS), the occurrence of line faults is very frequent due to natural threats to the lines and their ageing. In a big distributed network a fault is occurred at one corner part of the network shows a serious impact on the entire network by causing a severe deviation in its operation there by leading to shut-down of the entire network until or unless the fault was detected and isolated. In this project in order to resolve the above issues we proposed a novel algorithm for DPS security by replacing IEDs in former algorithm with Pharos Measurement Units(PMUs)which determines the occurrence of the faults based on the analysis of voltage and current phasors of Power Distribution Bus (PDB) lines. The method exploits the nodal voltage and mesh current analysis where the phase voltage, impedance and admittance matrices of the network and its dual circuit are developed and utilized for smooth detection and isolation of faults without network malfunction. In addition, this method not only detects and isolates the faults but also informs the same to the technical department for immediate correction. The PMUs are organized as independent region monitoring devices controlled by the control unit of Distributed Power System. The proposed algorithm is implemented and verified in MATLAB. 

Keywords: Distributed Power System (DPS), IEDs, Pharos Measurement Units(PMUs). 

INTRODUCTION 

       Faults and device failures affect the power quality in power systems and cause losses for both electric utilities and customers [1]. In distributed generation [4], safety and secure operation of the system highly rely on the level of power system operating condition monitoring. In traditional approaches the measurements provided by the remote terminal units (RTU) at the substations are sent to the control center. This data include real/reactive power in different lines as well as bus voltages and branch currents. The unmeasured states of the system are then estimated by state estimators that reside in the control center. Normal observability in power system is defined as knowing the voltage phasors of all the buses. Fault observability [18], on the other hand, is defined such that a system becomes fault observable when the voltage at two ends of each line and the current at any end of the line are determinable. In general, a system, which is observable in the normal condition, may not be observable for the fault condition. In this project the application of PMUs in fault location [15] is investigated and a method is proposed to effectively reduce the number of required PMUs [16] while retaining the accuracy of fault location [15]. Thus, fault observability [18] is the main focus in this work. In a big distributed network a fault is occurred at one corner part of the network shows a serious impact on the entire network by causing a severe deviation in its operation there by leading to shut-down of the entire network until or unless the fault was detected and isolated. This will lead to a heavy loss to the consumers and industries as it disturbs the production process. Unlike traditional AC distribution systems, protection has been challenging for DC systems. 

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